| TECHNIQUES OF DYEING COIR MATERIALS |
| by K.G.Mohanan, P.C.Antonel Vaz, J.Sunilduth, A.Radhakrishnan, V.A.Sebastian and U.S.Sarma, Proceedings
of the International workshop on Wet processing of Coir 8-9, December 1997 |
| Abstract |
| Dyeing of coir fibre/yarn is essential for improving the marketability of coir products and satisfying the requirements of consumers. A literature and industrial survey had been conducted to ascertain the dyestuffs/chemicals and processes used for colouring coir materials and comparative cost involved for dyeing of coir. The fastness characteristics of different classes of dyestuffs used for dyeing of coir materials were analysed and chemicals marketed by different firms were examined for their suitability in the dyeing of coir. The synthetic, natural and ecofriendly dyestuffs were identified and dyeing experiments were carried out for assessing their suitability to coir. |
| Introduction |
A dyestuff is most commonly an organic compound which can be used to impart colour to a substance. The literature survey reveals that a wide range of dyes capable of yielding bright shades of good to excellent fastness are available for the dyeing of textiles. However, quite a large number of such dyes are not useful for dyeing coir, for some of them require special pretreatments of the material before the dye is applied or they are costly from the point of view of the coir industry.
Dyes are applied to coir materials by two distinct processes, dyeing and printing of which the former is extensively used. In dyeing, the fibre absorbs the dye from the aqueous solution or dispersion and is more or less uniformly coloured. The uniformity of dyeing (level dyeing) depends upon the absorptive power of coir fibre, the nature of the dye and condition of dyeing. The dyed shade usually must be matched against a sample and the fastness of the dyeing (ie. the resistance of the shade to the action of light, water rubbing etc.) must conform to the specified requirement of the consumer.
In the attempts to identify dyes/chemicals suitable for achieving better fastness properties, penetration and brilliant shade with less cost revealed that the most commonly used dyestuffs for coir materials belong to the classes of Basic, Acid and Direct dyes. These dyes are applied to the materials from their solution in water with the aid of chemicals like acetic acid, sulphuric acid formic acid, common salt etc. to facilitate the transfer of dyes from the dye bath to the fibre substrate under appropriate conditions of temperature for specified periods depending on the dyestuff that is being used.
The basic dyes have high tinctorial value and affinity to coir but are fugitive to light and rubbing. The acid dyes have better fastness to light but of less brightness that basic dyes. Direct dyes find use in producing shades having fastness properties better than acid dyes but they produce dull shades and require longer processing time. The use of imported dyes is limited in coir Industry. |
| INDUSTRIAL SURVEY |
| The survey confirmed that the major quantity of dyeing of coir fibre/yarn is done in the small scale sector using conventional process. With a view to improve the quality of dyed material, modern dyeing methods are also adopted by the industry. The industry adopts the following methods for dyeing |
1. Conventional method of dyeing coir
2. Improved method of dyeing coir
3. Mechanised method of dyeing coir |
| CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF DYEING COIR |
| In the conventional method, the dyeing is carried out in copper or alminium/Indalium or G.I dye vat of 1.2 M dia and 0.75 height placed on hearth made out of country bricks, fired from below using country wood. The dye vat is sufficient to process 60 kg.of coir yarn or 30 kg.of coir fibre with a material to liquor ratio of 1:12 for coir yarn and 1:20 for coir fibre. After filling with required quantity of water, it is heated from below till the required temperature is reached. The required quantity of dyestuffs (according to the percentage of shade) and chemicals are added to the dye bath after making into a paste. The dye bath is stirred well and the material is entered and turned manually at frequent intervals for level dyeing. At the end of dyeing the material is taken out washed in cold water and dried under shade. |
| IMPROVED METHOD OF DYEING COIR |
| The improved method of dyeing process is carried out by highly skilled 'Moopans'in the industry using dye vats made or stainless steel and fitted with drinage valve for proper draining or dye effluents. The vats are fixed on hearths made of fire bricks with flue pipes for efficient air draught for maximum utilisation of the heat energy. The dyes are taken as per recipes formulated by CCRI which is available on the shade cards. The quality of dyeing is improved compared to the small scale sector. |
| MECHANISED SYSTEM OF DYEING |
| To get the best desired result, coir yarn is dyed in the mechanised system of dyeing, comprising of dye vats with forced circulation of the dye liquor in two directions on uniformly arranged coir yarn for uniform level dyeing. The temperature is controlled as per the requirement by regulating the flow of heating system. After the dyeing operation, hydro-extractors are used to drive out the major part of the machanically held up water and finally these materials are dried on the endless conveyor drier, for efficient drying. This system of dyeing helps to improve the penetration, shade consistency, uniform dyeing on coir fibre/yarn by the action of temperature, efficient & forced circulation of dye liquor and period of dyeing. This method help to dye large quantities of material at a time avoiding shade variations compared to the other two processes.
The comparative cost for dyeing using standard receipes for five common solid colours in conventional improved and mechanised system of dyeings are furnished below as Table –I |
| Table - I : Cost aspects of dyeing in different method |
| Sl |
Shade |
%shade |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
60 |
2 |
1 |
| NO 3 |
Coomasse red-PG
C.Iacid red 85 |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
60 |
3 |
3 |
|
| |
| TABLE –IV CHARACTERISTICS OF DYED COIR MATERIALS USING DIRECT DYES |
| 1 |
Direct fast scarlet SEC.I Direct Red- 23 |
1.00Acid/ Formic |
Sulphuric1-1.5 hrs. |
90-95oc |
moderate |
moderate |
70 |
3 |
3 |
| 2 |
Direct fast yellow 3 C.I |
1.00 |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
60 |
2 |
3 |
| 3 |
Direct catachine 77 New C.i.Direct brown 33 |
1.00 |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
60 |
2 |
3 |
|
| |
| TABLE –V CHARACTERISTICS OF DYED COIR MATERIALS USING REACTIVE DYES |
| 1 |
Procion brill red M.5B |
2.00 |
C.Salt Soda ash |
Cold 2 hours |
Poor |
Averate |
40 |
4 |
5 |
| 2 |
Procion yellow M3R |
2.00 |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
40 |
4 |
5 |
| 3 |
Procion turquoise MGN |
2.00 |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
-do- |
40 |
3.4 |
5 |
|
| |
The fastness properties of dyed coir materials witch as water fastness, light fastness and rubbing fastness, are to be determined in respect of each dyestuff belonging to the different classes. A number of dyestuffs belonging to basic, acid and direct classes were used to for colouring coir materials such as retted coir fibre, green husks fibre, green husk treated with coirret, yarn from retted and brown coir fibre. The details of the shades developed with receipe are furnished as Annexure-1I
The yarn produced from brown fibre was dyed in different shades using dyestuffs such as Auramine, Rhodamine B 500, Magenta, Malachite green, Bismark brown, Chrysodine, Methyle violet at different concentrations of 0.2%, 0.25% and 0.3%. It was observed that the shades with 0.25% of the basic dyes showed a satisfactory coverage on the fibre.
In order to compare the brightness of shade, pick up light and water fastness, green husk fibre treated with coirret and retted coir fibre were dyed using Acid orange II, Rhodamine B 500, Direct green B and Malachite green for developing different shades.
4 shades evolved from acid and 2 shades from direct classes of dyestuffs which is safe to the environment was taken on coir yarn spun from retted fibre using receipe. Detailed in Table VI |
| TABLE –V I : ECOFRIENDLY SHADES EVOLVED FOR COIR MATERIALS |
| No |
Class |
Name of shade |
Name of the Dyestuff |
% of shade |
| 1 |
Acid class |
TOKYO |
Acid orange II |
0.50 |
| |
|
|
Sulphuric acid |
1.00 |
| |
|
|
Azo fast LRW |
1.00 |
| 2 |
Acid class |
FLAX FLOWER |
Acid brill blue |
0.113 |
| |
|
|
Acid violet |
0.066 |
| |
|
|
Sulphuric acid |
1.00 |
| |
|
|
Azofast LRW |
1.00 |
| 3 |
Acid class |
LOVE BIRD |
Acid milling yelow G |
0.70 |
| |
|
|
Patent blue AS |
0.02 |
| |
|
|
Azo fast IRW |
1.00 |
| 4 |
Acid class |
CHROME LEMON |
Acid milling yellow G |
0.75 |
| |
|
|
Patent blue AS |
0.0016 |
| |
|
|
Sulphuric acid |
1.00 |
| |
|
|
Azofast LRW |
1.00 |
| 5 |
Direct Class |
CLOUB BROWN |
Direct brown MR |
0.20 |
| |
|
|
Direct black E |
0.20 |
| |
|
|
Direct fast violet BI |
0.05 |
| |
|
|
Azofast IRW |
1.00 |
| |
|
|
Common salt |
1.00 |
|
| |
| CONCLUSION |
1. The mechanised system of dyeing is most effective as it helps to achieve shade consistency, between penetration of dyes and byulk treatment of odye effluent
2. The list of banned carcinogenic dyes and chemicals were identified and circulated among the trade.
3. It is desirable to assess fastness properties of each dyestuff belonging to different classes and their suitability to coir
4. For improved appearance and dye up-take, it would be preferable to wet out the material in cold water.
5. Strict adherance to the methods of dyeing including the optimum use of chemicals, temp and duration of treatment is necessary to obtain dyeing of satisfactory standards.
6. Only those 'safe' dyes that have high rating of light fastness should be taken for use.
7. Light bleaching of the material prior to dyeing yield pastel shades of good brightness. |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |
| The authors place it on record their sincere thanks to FAO/CFC for providing fund to conduct the studies and also grateful to the Coir Board for providing facilities for carrying out the investigations and for their kind permission to publish this paper, |
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| ANNEXURE-1 |
| DYESTUFFS TO BE USED FOR COLOURING COIR MATERIALS |
1. Rhodamine B 500
2. Malachite Green XLS
3. Bismark Brown
4. Magenta powder
5. Chrysodine
6. Basic black SDI
7. Methyle Blue extra
8. Acid Brill Blue BR
9. Acid Turquoise Blue G
10. Acid Red G
11. Acod Pramge 11
12. Acid Red B
13. Acid Coir Scartet AR
14. Acid yellow 5N
15. Acid Red RS
16. Acid Green B
17. Acid Brill Red 3 BN
18. Acid Scarlet 3R
19. Acid Maroon V
20. Acid black G
21. Acid Brown R
22. Acid Violot N
23. Acid Rhodamine BL
24. Acid Coffee brown
25. Direct Gray
26. Direct Yellow 5 GLC
27. Direct gray BL
28. Direct Green G
29. Direct kaki 2B
30. Direct fast olive RN.Conc
31. Direct green B
32. Direct Catachine 77 New
33. Chrysophenine CH
34. Direct brown MR
35. Direct black E Extra Conc.
36. Direct fast Orange S.E
37. Direct fast Red 5B
38. Direct Sky Blue D 6B
39. Direct yellow SG
40. Direct fast violet BL
41.Nilgrosine XLS
42. Diamond green XLS
43. Texasol Brown TDJ Spl.NB
44. Toxasol Navy Blue AM
45. Procion brill Red M-5B
46. Procion Yellow M-3R
47. Procion Turquoisize M-GN
48. Procion Brill Magenta MB
49. Procion Yellow MGR
50. Procion Brill Blue M GX
51. Procion Brill Orange MZR
52. Procion Brill Red M-8B
53. Procion Blue M- 4GD
54. Procion Navy Blue M-3R |
| ANNEXURE- I I |
| DYESTUFFS USED WITH CONCENTRATIONS FOR DEVELOPING DIFFERENT SHADES ON COIR MATERIALS |
| RETTED COIR FIBRE |
| Sl..No. |
Shade |
Dyestuffs used |
Percentage |
| 1 |
Deep Blue |
Acid Brill Blue BR |
1.00 |
|
|
Acid violet |
1.50 |
|
|
Sulphuric acid |
2.00 |
| 2 |
Brown |
Direct Catachine 77 New |
2.00 |
|
|
Common Salt |
10.0 |
| 3 |
Chocolate |
Direct Brown MR |
1.50 |
|
|
Direct black E |
0.50 |
|
|
Common Salt |
10.0 |
| 4 |
Yellow |
Chrysophine CH |
2.50 |
|
|
Common Salt |
10.0 |
| 5 |
Green |
Malachite Green XLS |
0.40 |
|
|
Auramine OA |
0.10 |
|
|
Acetid Acid |
2.00 |
| 6 |
Deep Brown |
Direct Catachine 77New |
2.00 |
|
|
Direct brown MR |
0.50 |
|
|
Common Salt |
10.0 |
| 7 |
|
Acid Brill Blue BR |
0.20 |
| 8 |
|
Nigrosine XLS |
0.10 |
|
|
Acid Milling Red G |
1.50 |
|
|
Acid Milling yellow |
1.50 |
|
|
Nigrosine XLS |
0.01 |
| 9 |
|
Acid Milling Yellow |
0.05 |
|
|
Patent Blue ASD Conc. |
0.05 |
|
|
Nigrosine XLS |
0.03 |
| 10 |
|
Acid Brill Blue BR |
0.50 |
|
|
Nigrosine XLS |
0.10 |
| 11 |
|
Acid Turquoise Blue |
0.10 |
|
|
Acid Brill Blue |
0.10 |
| 12 |
|
Nigrosine XLS |
0.20 |
|
|
Acid Brill Blue BR |
0.02 |
| 13 |
|
Acid Turquise Blue G |
0.60 |
|
|
Acid Brill Blue BR |
0.40 |
| 14 |
|
Acid Brill Blue BR |
0.40 |
|
|
Patent Blue ASD Cone |
0.15 |
|
|
Nigrosine XLS |
0.15 |
| 15 |
|
Acid Milling yellow |
0.40 |
|
|
Acid Turquoise Blue G |
0.25 |
|
|
Nigrosine XLS |
0.05 |
| 16 |
|
Acid Brill blue BR |
0.70 |
|
|
Nigrosine XLS |
0.20 |
| 17 |
|
Direct yellow SGL |
0.30 |
| 18 |
|
Direct fast Orange SE |
0.18 |
|
|
Direct fast violet 4BL |
0.015 |
| 19 |
|
Chrysophenine CH |
0.15 |
|
|
Direct fast Orange SE |
0.02 |
| 20 |
|
Direct fast red 5B |
0.05 |
|
|
Direct fast Orange SE |
0.025 |
|
|
Direct fast Violet 4BL |
0.01 |
|
|
Aso fast LRW |
1.00 |
| 21 |
|
Direct fast orange SE |
0.50 |
|
|
Direct fast Red 5B |
0.50 |
| 22 |
|
Direct green B |
1.00 |
|
|
Direct Sky Blue D 6B |
0.30 |
|
|
Chysophinine CH |
0.15 |
| 23 |
|
Direct Green B |
1.00 |
|
|
Direct Sky Blue D 6B |
0.50 |
| 24 |
|
Direct Green B |
0.05 |
|
|
Chrysophenine CH |
0.03 |
| 25 |
|
Direct Fast Red 5 B |
1.00 |
| 26 |
|
Direct fast blue FFS |
0.15 |
|
|
Direct Sky Blue D 6B |
0.15 |
| 27 |
|
Direct Catachine 77 New |
0.25 |
|
|
Direct Brown MR |
0.01 |
| 28 |
|
Chrysophenine CH |
0.30 |
|
|
Direct fast orange SE |
0.10 |
|
| COIR YARN (Natural) |
| Sl..No. |
Shade |
Dyestuffs used |
Percentage |
| 1 |
Lido |
Mechylene Blue 2B |
0.10 |
|
|
Methyl Violet 2 B |
0.10 |
| 2 |
Ultramarine |
Methylene Blue 2B |
0.10 |
|
|
Methyl Violet |
0.15 |
| 3 |
Indian Yellow |
Auramine OA |
0.15 |
|
|
Chrysodine 7 |
0.25 |
| 4 |
English Vermition |
Acid Milling red G |
0.10 |
| 5 |
Citrine |
Auramine OA |
0.20 |
| 6 |
Bronze green |
Direct fast olive RN con. |
0.90 |
|
|
Direct black E |
0.05 |
| 7 |
Light Chrome |
Direct Yellow 5 GL |
1.10 |
| 8 |
Indian Orange |
Acid Orange II |
0.10 |
| 9 |
Strawberry |
Rhodamine B 500 |
0.15 |
|
|
Chrysodine 7(on bleached yarn
|
0.30 |
|
| YARN FROM BROWN COIR |
| Sl..No. |
Shade |
Dyestuffs used |
Percentage |
| 1 |
|
Acid Brill Blue BR |
0.20 |
| 2 |
|
Nigrosine XLS |
0.20 |
| 3 |
|
Patent Blue AS |
0.50 |
| 4 |
|
Acid Orange II |
1.70 |
| |
|
Acid Yellow |
0.04 |
| 5 |
|
Patent Blue |
0.05 |
| |
|
Nigrosine XLS |
0.07 |
| 6 |
|
Acid Orange II |
1.00 |
| 7 |
|
Nigrosine XLS |
0.50 |
| 8 |
|
Patent Blue AS |
0.10 |
| 9 |
|
Acid Orange II |
0.50 |
|
| Details of the materials used |
| A: Dye stuffs |
1. Rhodamine B 500
2. Malachite green XLS
3. Chrysodine G
4. Acid yellow G
5. Acid Green B
6. Coomasse Red PG
7. Direct Catachine 77 new
8. Direct fast Scarlet SE
9. Direct fast yellow 3G
10. Procion Brill Red M-5B
11. Procion yellow M-3R
12. Procion Turquoise M-GN
13. Acid Brill oBlue BR
14. Acid Violet
15. Direct Brown MR
16. Direct Black E
17. Chrysophenine CH
18. Aurammine OA
19. Nigrosine XLS
20. Acid Milling Red G
21. Acid Milling Yellow
22. Patent Blue ASD Con.
23. Acid Turquoise BlueG
24. Direct yellow 5 GL
25. Direct fast Orange SE
26. Direct fast ciolet 4 BL
27. Direct fast red 5 B
28. Direct green B
29. Direct sky Blue D 6B
30. Direct fast Ble FFS
31. Methylene Blue 2B
32. Methyl Violet 2 B
33. Direct fast Olive RN cone.
34. Acid Orange II |
| B: Chemicals |
1. Acetic Acid
2. Sulphuric Acid
3. Formic Acid
4. Common Salt
5. Soda ash
6. Sodium bicarbonate
7. Caustic soda
8. Urea
9. Azofast LRW |
| ANNEXURE-I A: ACID DYES |
| C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
| AMINE RELEASING |
| Acid Black 29 |
30336 |
Black B/BS |
Nylacid fast Black B |
| Acid Black 94 |
|
Black B/BV |
Chromoloather fast Black BV |
| Acid Black 209 |
---- |
Black FC |
Corlacid Black B |
| Acid Black 131 |
---- |
Black GBL/BGL |
Irgalan Black GBL |
| |
|
Gray BGL |
Lanasya Black BGL |
| Acid Black 132 |
---- |
Black BRI/RBL |
Irgalan Black RBI |
| |
|
|
Lanasyn Black BRL |
| Acid Orange 45 |
22195 |
Orange R |
Acid Orange R |
| |
|
|
Milling Orange R |
| |
|
|
Fast Orange R |
| Acid Red 4 |
14710 |
Eosine G.Gc |
Anll Acid Fast Pink B |
| |
|
Pink B, Scarlet B/BL |
Anil Acid Scarlet B |
| |
|
Red E |
Erlo Scartet B |
| |
|
|
Atul Acid Pink B |
| Acid iRed 5 |
14905 |
Rhodine Gr |
Erio Red R |
| |
|
Red R/RR |
Azo Rhodine GR |
| Acid Red 73 |
27290 |
Croceine MOO/38/3BA |
Atul Crocoline Scarlet Moo |
| |
|
Scariet DOO/3BC/R |
Ensin Red GR |
| |
|
Red GR |
|
| Acid Red 118 |
26660 |
Cloth Red G2B |
|
| Acid Red 150 |
27190 |
Cloth Red 2R, No.6 |
|
| |
|
Scarlet |
|
| Acid Red 264 |
18133 |
Brill Red 3 BL |
|
| Acid Red 420 |
|
Scarlet Y-LEW |
|
| Acid Red 24 |
16140 |
Ponceau G RT |
|
| |
|
Poncequ Scarlet |
|
| Acid Red 85 |
22245 |
Red G |
Atul Acid Milling Red G |
| Acid ioRed 114 |
23635 |
Red 2R/RS/BB |
Coomassie Red 2R |
| |
|
|
Nylomine Red C-2R |
| |
|
|
Sadolan Red –RSI |
| |
|
|
Nylosan Red F-RS |
| |
|
|
Milling Red BB |
| Acid Red 115 |
27200 |
Red 2B |
Erlosin Red 2B |
| Acid Red 128 |
24125 |
Red 3B |
Milling Borodeaux R |
| |
|
Bordeaux R |
Atul Acid Milling Red 3B |
| Acid 148 |
26665 |
Red BC |
Emiacid clothe Red BC |
| Acid Red 158 |
20530 |
Red 3 BL/ER |
Supranol Red 3 BL |
| |
|
|
Teleon Fast Red ER |
| Acid Red 167 |
--- |
Red B |
Polnr Red B |
| |
|
|
Milling Fast Red B |
Acid Red 265
Rhodine/Calmine4B |
18129 |
Red BL |
Sandolan Brilliant Red E-BL |
| |
|
|
Milling Red BL |
| Acid Violet 12 |
18075 |
Red 2B/BB/BBA/A2B |
Acid Red A2B |
| Acid Brown 415 |
--- |
Brown S-GL |
|
|
| POISONOUS |
| C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
| Acid Orange 156 |
26501 |
Orange 3 G |
Sandlolain Orange PGL |
| |
|
Orange GL/GNS |
Hylosan Orange CGNS |
| Acid Orange 165 |
28602 |
Orange 8RE |
Aciddol Orange 3 RE |
|
| CARCINOGENIC |
| C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
| Acid Dye |
16155 |
Ponceau 3R/ 3RN |
|
| |
|
Orange GL/GNS |
Hylosan Orange CGNS |
| Acid Red 16 |
16150 |
Ponceau 2R/RR/RL/FR |
Acid Ponceau 2RL |
| Acid Violet 49 |
42640 |
Violet 38/48/68 |
Erloslno Violet 38 |
| |
|
|
Acitan Violet S4 BN |
| |
|
|
Acid Violet |
|
| ALLERGENIC |
| C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
| Acid Violet 17 |
42650 |
Violet 4B/4BS/R |
Acid Brill Milling |
| |
|
|
Violet 4BS |
| |
|
|
Coomassic Violet R |
| |
|
|
Sanolan Brill Violet E |
| |
|
|
4BNG |
|
| ANNEXURE-I B : BASIC DYES |
| CARCINOGENIC |
| C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
| Basic Red 9 |
|
Fusine rosandine |
|
| |
|
Magenta N |
|
| Basic Yellow |
41000 |
Auramine O |
|
|
| POISONOUS |
| C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
| Basic blue 3 |
51004 |
Blue BG/3G |
Astrazone Blue BG |
| |
|
Blue Green 5G |
Basacryl Blue Green X-5G |
| |
|
|
Sandocryl Blue B 3G |
| Basic Blue 7 |
42595 |
Blue BO |
Victoria Pure Blue BO |
| |
|
|
Lake Blue BO |
| Basic Blue 81 |
42595 |
Blue FGA |
Victoria pure blue FGA |
| Basic Red 12 |
48070 |
Phloxine G |
Astra Pholoxine G Extrn.Brillint. |
| |
|
Pink AS Red BG |
Pink AS |
| Baosic Violet 16 |
48013 |
Violet 3R |
Astra Violet 3 R Extra Basacry |
| |
|
Red BG/68 |
Brill Red BG Sandocryl Red |
| |
|
|
B 6B |
| Basic Yellow 21 |
48069 |
Yellow 6G/ 7G |
Astrazon Yellow 7GL1 |
| Astrazon Yellow 7GL1 |
|
|
Sandocryl Brill yellow B 6 GL |
|
| AMINE RELEASING |
| C.I.NAME |
C.I.No |
COMMERCIAL NAME |
EXAMPLES |
| Basic Brown 4 (Solvent Brown12) |
21010 |
Bismark brown R |
Atul Bismarck Brown R |
| |
|
Vesuvine B |
Astra Vesuivme 8 |
| Basic Red 42 |
|
Red BJ |
|
| Basic Red 111 |
|
Red EB K 2n BN |
|
|
| ANNEXURE- I C: DIRECT DYES |
| Name of Company |
Brand Name |
| Atul |
Atul Direct |
| Ariabs |
Tezazol |
| Bayer |
Sirus, Supta |
| Ciba |
Chloraline, Cupraling |
| Dinesh |
Dinamine |
| Golden dyes |
Godamine Fast |
| I.C.I |
Chlorazol, Durozol |
| Indokem |
Incomine |
| Sandoz |
Solar, Pyrazol |
| Texdyes |
Texazol, Texirius |
|
| The Ci names and commercial names are given below. No specific of brand names are given as all dyes areio known by their commercial name |
| C.I.Name |
C.I.No. |
Chemical Name |
| AMINE RELEASING |
| Direct Black 29 |
22580 |
Black Bo |
| Direct Black 38 |
30235 |
Black E/2E/EC/EG/ER/RT |
| Direct Black 4 |
30245 |
Black W/RW/R/RX/D |
| Direct Black 154 |
|
Deep black XA/AXN |
| Direct Black 91 |
30400 |
Copper Black R/RL/RLW |
| Direct Blue 1 |
24410 |
Sky blue FB/FFGB |
| |
|
Blue GB/FF |
| Direct Blue 10 |
24340 |
Blue G/GS/DG |
| Direct Blue 14 |
24850 |
Blue 3B/3BX/NB/2BG |
| Direct Blue 15 |
24400 |
Sky blue/Pure blue FB |
| |
|
Sky Blue A/FF |
| Direct Blue 151 |
24175 |
Copper Blue B/BB/A |
| Direct Blue 160 |
|
Copper Navy blue R/RLL/RLW |
| Direct Blue 173 |
|
Copper blue 3G |
| Direct Blue 192 |
|
Dialuminous blue GF |
| Direct Blue 2 |
22590 |
Black BT/BH/ABC |
| |
|
Navy blue BH |
| Direct Blue 201 |
|
Blue BRL |
| Direct Blue 215 |
24115 |
Copper blue GR |
| Direct Blue 22 |
24280 |
Blue RW/Blue 5G |
| Direct Blue 25 |
24790 |
Blue/Brill blue/New blue 5B |
| |
|
|
| Direct Blue 295 |
23820 |
Blue 2BNB |
| Direct Blue 3 |
23705 |
Asurine 3B |
| |
|
Veiolet 20 |
| Direct Blue 35 |
24145 |
Brill blue 3B/3BN |
| Direct Blue 6 |
22610 |
Blue 2B/BB/2B |
| Direct Red 22 |
Basic Red 42 |
Red BJ |
| Basic Red 111 |
|
Red EB K 2n BN |
|
| ANNEXURE- I C: DIRECT DYES |
| Name of Company |
Brand Name |
| Atul |
Atul Direct |
| Ariabs |
Tezazol |
| Bayer |
Sirus, Supta |
| Ciba |
Chloraline, Cupraling |
| Dinesh |
Dinamine |
| Golden dyes |
Godamine Fast |
| I.C.I |
Chlorazol, Durozol |
| Incomine |
|
| Sandoz |
Solar, Pyrazol |
| Texdyes |
Texazol, Texirius |
|
| The Ci names and commercial names are given below. No specific of brand names are given as all dyes areio known by their commercial name |
| C.I.Name |
C.I.No. |
Chemical Name |
| AMINE RELEASING |
| Direct Black 29 |
22580 |
Black Bo |
| Direct Black 38 |
30235 |
Black E/2E/EC/EG/ER/RT |
| Direct Black 4 |
30245 |
Black W/RW/R/RX/D |
| Direct Black 154 |
|
Deep black XA/AXN |
| Direct Black 91 |
|
|
|
| TECHNIQUES OF DYEING COIR MATERIALS |
| by K.G.Mohanan, P.C.Antonel Vaz, J.Sunilduth, A.Radhakrishnan, V.A.Sebastian and U.S.Sarma, Proceedings
of the International workshop on Wet processing of Coir 8-9, December 1997 |
| ABSTRACT |
| Dyeing of coir fibre/yarn is essential for improving the marketability of coir products and satisfying the requirements of consumers. A literature and industrial survey had been conducted to ascertain the dyestuffs/chemicals and processes used for colouring coir materials and comparative cost involved for dyeing of coir. The fastness characteristics of different classes of dyestuffs used for dyeing of coir materials were analysed and chemicals marketed by different firms were examined for their suitability in the dyeing of coir. The synthetic, natural and ecofriendly dyestuffs were identified and dyeing experiments were carried out for assessing their suitability to coir. |
| INTRODUCTION |
A dyestuff is most commonly an organic compound which can be used to impart colour to a substance. The literature survey reveals that a wide range of dyes capable of yielding bright shades of good to excellent fastness are available for the dyeing of textiles. However, quite a large number of such dyes are not useful for dyeing coir, for some of them require special pretreatments of the material before the dye is applied or they are costly from the point of view of the coir industry.
Dyes are applied to coir materials by two distinct processes, dyeing and printing of which the former is extensively used. In dyeing, the fibre absorbs the dye from the aqueous solution or dispersion and is more or less uniformly coloured. The uniformity of dyeing (level dyeing) depends upon the absorptive power of coir fibre, the nature of the dye and condition of dyeing. The dyed shade usually must be matched aginst a sample and the fastness of the dyeing (ie. the resistance of the shade to the action of light, water rubbing etc.) must conform to the specified requirement of the consumer.
In the attempts to identify dyes/chemicals suitable for achieving better fastness properties, penetration and brilliant shade with less cost revealed that the most commonly used dyestuffs for coir materials belong to the classes of Basic, Acid and Direct dyes. These dyes are applied to the materials from their solution in water with the aid of chemicals like acetic acid, sulphuric acid formic acid, common salt etc. to facilitate the transfer of dyes from the dye bath to the fibre substrate under appropriate conditions of temperature for specified periods depending on the dyestuff that is being used.
The basic dyes have high tinctorial value and affinity to coir but are fugitive to light and rubbing. The acid dyes have better fastness to light but of less brightness that basic dyes. Direct dyes find use in producing shades having fastness properties better than acid dyes but they produce dull shades and require longer processing time. The use of imported dyes is limited in coir Industry. |
| |
| INDUSTRIAL SURVEY |
| The survey confirmed that the major quantity of dyeing of coir fibre/yarn is done in the small scale sector using conventional process. With a view to improve the quality of dyed material, modern dyeing methods are also adopted by the industry. The industry adopts the following methods for dyeing. |
1. Conventional method of dyeing coir
2. Improved method of dyeing coir
3. Mechanised method of dyeing coir |
| CONVENTIONAL METHOD OF DYEING COIR |
| In the conventional method, the dyeing is carried out in copper or alminium/Indalium or G.I dye vat of 1.2 M dia and 0.75 height placed on hearth made out of country bricks, fired from below using country wood. The dye vat is sufficient to process 60 kg.of coir yarn or 30 kg.of coir fibre with a material to liquor ratio of 1:12 for coir yarn and 1:20 for coir fibre. After filling with required quantity of water, it is heated from below till the required temperature is reached. The required quantity of dyestuffs (according to the percentage of shade) and chemicals are added to the dye bath after making into a paste. The dye bath is stirred well and the material is entered and turned manually at frequent intervals for level dyeing. At the end of dyeing the material is taken out washed in cold water and dried under shade. |
| IMPROVED METHOD OF DYEING COIR |
| The improved method of dyeing process is carried out by highly skilled 'Moopans'in the industry using dye vats made or stainless steel and fitted with drinage valve for proper draining or dye effluents. The vats are fixed on hearths made of fire bricks with flue pipes for efficient air draught for maximum utilisation of the heat energy. The dyes are taken as per recipes formulated by CCRI which is available on the shade cards. The quality of dyeing is improved compared to the small scale sector. |
| MECHANISED SYSTEM OF DYEING |
To get the best desired result, coir yarn is dyed in the mechanised system of dyeing, comprising of dye vats with forced circulation of the dye liquor in two directions on uniformly arranged coir yarn for uniform level dyeing. The temperature is controlled as per the requirement by regulating the flow of heating system. After the dyeing operation, hydro-extractors are used to drive out the major part of the mechanically held up water and finally these materials are dried on the endless conveyor drier, for efficient drying. This system of dyeing helps to improve the penetration, shade consistency, uniform dyeing on coir fibre/yarn by the action of temperature, efficient & forced circulation of dye liquor and period of dyeing. This method help to dye large quantities of material at a time avoiding shade variations compared to the other two processes.
The comparative cost for dyeing using standard receipes for five common solid colours in conventional improved and mechanised system of dyeings are furnished below as Table –I |
| Table - I : Cost aspects of dyeing in different method |
| Table - I : Cost aspects of dyeing in different method |
Sl
No |
Shade |
%shade |
Direct Blue
2 |
22590 |
Black BT/BH/ABC
Navy blue
BH |
| Direct Blue
201 |
|
Blue BRL |
| Direct Blue
215 |
24115 |
Copper blue
GR |
| Direct Blue
22 |
24280 |
Blue RW/Blue
5G |
Direct Blue
25
Direct Blue
295 |
24790
23820 |
Blue
2BNB |
| Direct Blue
3 |
23705 |
Asurine 3B |
| Direct Blue
35 |
24145 |
Brill blue
3B/3BN |
| Direct Blue
6 |
22610 |
Blue
2B/BB/2B |
| Direct Red
22 |
23565 |
Red 5B
Purpurne 5B
Purple B |
| Direct Red
24 |
29185 |
Scarlet
4BA/BAS/4BSL |
| Direct Red
26 |
29190 |
Scarlet 8B/SBS/8BA |
| Direct Red
28 |
22120 |
Congo Red
Congo Red
4B/RS |
| Direct Red
37 |
22240 |
Red B
Scarlet B/BL |
| Direct Red
39 |
23630 |
Scarlet 3B |
| Direct Red
40 |
22500 |
Rubine B
borde Aux extra |
| Direct Red
46 |
23050 |
Red
8B,Purpurlno 8B |
| Direct Red
62 |
29175 |
Orange
R/RS/FBR |
| Direct Red
67 |
23505 |
Purpurlono
4B
>Cotton Red
N |
| Direct Red
7 |
24100 |
Red
10B,Purpurlno 10B |
| Direct Red
72 |
29200 |
Scarlet
4BN/4SW |
| Direct
Violet 1 |
22570 |
Violet
N/MN/NN/R/3R |
| Direct
Violet 12 |
22550 |
Violet
R/O/OC/On |
| Direct
Violet 21 |
23520 |
Corinth
B |
| Direct
Violet 22 |
22450 |
Violet
LN |
| Direct
Yellow 1 |
22250 |
Yellow G
Chrysamine
G |
| Direct
Yellow 24 |
22010 |
Golden
yellow N
Yellow CT |
| Direct Yellow 48 |
23660 |
Yellow TG |
| OTHERS |
|
|
Developer 14
Oxidation
Basic
20 |
76035 |
Developer
B/H/MTD/Motatolum |
| Ingrain Blue
2/2 |
74160 |
Phthalogen
Brill Blue IF3G
Brill Blue
3G |
|
| |
| ANNEXURE –1 D: LIST OF BANNED AMINES |
| Sl.No |
Banned Amine |
Sl.No |
Banned Amine |
| 1 |
Amionodiphenyl |
11 |
3.3 Dimethoxyvenzidine |
| 2 |
Boridino |
12 |
3.3 Dimethylbenzidine |
| 3 |
Chloro -O- Toluidine |
13 |
3.3 Dimelthylebenzidine |
| 4 |
Naphthylamine |
14 |
P.Kresidin |
| 5 |
Aminoazotoluene |
15 |
4.4 Methylene-Bis-(2)-
Chloraniline) |
| 6 |
Amino-4- nitortoluene |
16 |
4.4 Oxydianiline |
| 7 |
Chlorailine |
17 |
4.4 thiodianiline |
| 8 |
4 Diaminoanisol |
18 |
O.Tonuidine |
| 9 |
4 Diaminodiphenylmethan |
19 |
2.4 Toluyledindiamine |
| 10 |
3 Dichlorobenzidine |
20 |
2.4.5 Trjmethylanialine |
|
| |
| ANNEXURE –I F: YIELDS OF NATURAL DYES |
| DYE |
SOURCE |
CONTENT |
| Madder |
Rootbark
|
1.9%
|
| Cochineal
|
Female Cochineal louse
|
1.8% |
| Indigo |
Indigo Plant leaves
|
1.5-2.0 %
|
| Saffron
|
"Crocus"Plant
flower pistil
|
7.0%
|
| Annato
|
Roucone
tree-seed
|
15.0%
|
| Carotin
|
Carrot, ret
palm oil, pumking seed
|
0.5%
|
| Juglone
|
Black
Walnut hulls
|
0.2%
|
| Lac
|
Stick-lac
|
0.5-0.75%
|
|
|
| |
|
